Old Testament

Isaiah

AuthorThe prophet Isaiah
Central themeThe Holy One of Israel saves
About the book

Isaiah is the longest of the Old Testament’s prophetic books, with 66 chapters that span more than half a century of Judah’s history. The prophet received his call in the year King Uzziah died and ministered during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah.

He saw the nation threatened by the advance of the Assyrian Empire and, later on, by the future threat of Babylon. Amid this scenario, Isaiah announces with the same clarity the judgment that was coming for sin and the salvation that God was preparing.

In the middle of the book, historical chapters narrate how King Hezekiah faced Sennacherib’s siege and saw Jerusalem delivered by a miracle.

The book reveals God as the Holy One of Israel, a title that appears dozens of times and shows his holiness and his power over all nations.

At the same time, it reveals a God who does not give up on his people and promises a Savior who would take upon himself the sin of all.

Isaiah’s messianic prophecies are so numerous and detailed that many scholars call the book the fifth gospel. In them appear the birth of Immanuel, the songs of the Suffering Servant and the eternal kingdom of the Prince of Peace, the Messiah God promised to send.

The first half of the book, harsher and full of warnings, gives way to chapters of comfort and hope in the second half. Reading Isaiah means hearing the same voice that condemns sin and, soon after, invites us to trust in a God who saves and restores.

May every page of this book lead the reader to worship the Holy One of Israel and to hope in the Savior he promised.

Book overview

Purpose

To call Judah and Jerusalem to repentance and announce the future salvation through the promised Messiah

Audience

The people of Judah and Jerusalem, with messages also for the neighboring nations

Date written

About 740 to 680 BC, during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah

Place of writing

Jerusalem, according to tradition

Geographic setting

Judah, Jerusalem and the neighboring nations of the ancient Near East

Historical setting

The growing threat of the Assyrian Empire over Judah and Israel

Contains the most detailed messianic prophecies in the Old Testament, which earned the book the nickname fifth gospel

Key verses

Holy, holy, holy is the LORD Almighty; the whole earth is full of his glory.

Isaiah 6:3

For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.

Isaiah 9:6

But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed.

Isaiah 53:5

Timeline
about 740 BC

Death of King Uzziah and Isaiah's call in the vision of the temple (Isaiah 6)

about 735 BC

Ahaz refuses to ask the Lord for a sign in the war against Israel and Syria (Isaiah 7)

722 BC

Fall of Samaria: end of the Northern Kingdom, conquered by Assyria

about 703 BC

Hezekiah's illness and miraculous healing (Isaiah 38)

about 702 BC

Envoys from Babylon visit Hezekiah and see the treasures of the palace (Isaiah 39)

701 BC

Sennacherib besieges Jerusalem, which is delivered by a miracle of the Lord (Isaiah 36 and 37)

Book outline
1
1:1 to 12:6

Prophecies against Judah and Jerusalem

Isaiah announces God's judgment on the sin of Judah and Jerusalem, but amid the condemnation he promises a branch from the line of David and a son called Immanuel. Chapter 6 narrates the vision of the Lord in the temple and the prophet's call. The message teaches that God is holy and does not ignore sin, but he also does not abandon hope for his people.

2
13:1 to 23:18

Oracles against the nations

A series of oracles announces God's judgment on neighboring nations such as Babylon, Assyria, Moab, Damascus, Egypt and Tyre. The prophecies show that the Lord governs the history of all peoples, not only that of Israel. This reminds the reader that no nation is beyond the reach of God's justice and sovereignty.

3
24:1 to 27:13

Judgment and future joy for all the earth

These chapters announce God's final judgment on the whole earth and the great feast he will prepare for his people. The resurrection of the dead appears here with a clarity rare in the Old Testament. The lesson is that after judgment comes the definitive celebration of God's victory.

4
28:1 to 35:10

Woes and true trust in God

A series of woes warns Judah against the political alliance with Egypt instead of trusting in the Lord. Alongside the warnings come promises of healing, restoration and a path called the Way of Holiness. The central teaching is that true security comes from trust in God, not in human alliances.

5
36:1 to 39:8

Hezekiah, Sennacherib and the deliverance of Jerusalem

These chapters narrate Sennacherib's invasion, King Hezekiah's prayer and the miraculous deliverance of Jerusalem, along with Hezekiah's illness and healing. The visit of Babylonian envoys reveals the king's pride and foreshadows the exile that would come later. The narrative shows that God answers sincere prayer and fulfills what he promises.

6
40:1 to 55:13

Comfort for the people and the Servant of the Lord

From here the tone shifts to comfort: God promises redemption and the people's return from the Babylonian exile. Here appear the songs of the Servant of the Lord, which describe someone who suffers and dies for the sins of others. These chapters announce with striking detail the work of the Messiah who was to come.

7
56:1 to 66:24

The future glory of Zion

The final chapters describe the future glory of Jerusalem, the invitation to salvation and the promise of new heavens and a new earth. Isaiah ends by looking beyond known history, to the complete restoration God is preparing. The final message invites the reader to trust in the Lord until the end of time.

Major themes

The holiness of God

Isaiah sees the Lord as absolutely holy and set apart from sin. This holiness does not push the people away, it invites true worship and sincere repentance.

Judgment and divine justice

The book shows that God judges the sin of Judah and the neighboring nations, because no injustice escapes his eyes. Even so, judgment is never God's final word.

The Suffering Servant

Isaiah 53 describes a servant who suffers and dies for the sins of others. The New Testament applies this portrait directly to Jesus and his death on the cross.

The promised Messiah

From the birth announced in Immanuel to the reign of the Prince of Peace, Isaiah describes a Savior who will reign with justice forever.

Comfort and restoration

After chapters of warning, the book turns to comfort. God promises to heal, restore and bring back his people exiled in Babylon.

Salvation for all nations

Isaiah broadens the horizon of the covenant by announcing that God's salvation will reach the Gentiles too, not only Israel. This promise points to the mission of the church.

Key people
I

Isaiah

Prophet author of the book's visions

U

Uzziah

King who died in the year of the call

A

Ahaz

King who refused to trust the Lord

H

Hezekiah

King who prayed and was delivered

S

Sennacherib

King of Assyria who besieged Jerusalem

M

Merodach-Baladan

King of Babylon who sent envoys to Hezekiah

Key places

Jerusalem

Isaiah 1:1

Judah

Isaiah 1:1

Assyria

Isaiah 36:1

Babylon

Isaiah 13:1

Egypt

Isaiah 19:1

Damascus

Isaiah 17:1

Moab

Isaiah 15:1

Tyre

Isaiah 23:1

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