Old Testament

Psalms

AuthorDavid and others
Central themePraise and prayer
About the book

Psalms is the hymnbook and prayer book of God’s people. In it are humanity’s deepest feelings, from the most contagious joy to the most sorrowful lament, all directed straight to the Lord.

It is 150 poems gathered over more than a thousand years. David wrote a good part of them, but Moses, Asaph, the sons of Korah, and other authors also contributed.

The book is divided into five smaller sections, each one ending with a brief word of praise to God. This structure loosely echoes the five books of the law of Moses.

David is the name most associated with the book. His life as shepherd, warrior, king, sinner, and penitent is reflected in many psalms, especially those born out of danger or guilt.

The psalms do not hide the pain. There are prayers that ask God how long the suffering will last, and cries that sound almost like despair. This honesty is an invitation to bring any emotion to God, without needing to soften what one feels before praying.

At the same time, the book celebrates the greatness of God as Creator, King, and Shepherd. Creation, the history of Israel, and the law of the Lord receive hymns of gratitude and awe.

Several psalms look beyond their own time and announce an anointed king who would reign forever. The New Testament recognizes these words fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

Used in temple worship in Israel and still today in churches and personal devotions, Psalms teaches two things rarely learned together: to pray with sincerity and to praise with joy.

May the reading of these ancient poems lend new words to your own conversation with God.

Book overview

Purpose

To give voice to the prayer and praise of God's people through the whole range of human emotions before him

Audience

The people of Israel, in public and personal worship

Date written

Over more than a thousand years, from about 1400 to 450 BC

Place of writing

Israel and the exile in Babylon, in different periods

Geographic setting

Jerusalem and the temple, the center of Israel's worship

Historical setting

From the wilderness wandering to the return from the Babylonian exile

The longest book of the Bible in number of chapters, gathering 150 poems from different authors across the centuries

Key verses

The LORD is my shepherd, I lack nothing.

Psalm 23:1

Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path.

Psalm 119:105

Create in me a pure heart, O God, and renew a steadfast spirit within me.

Psalm 51:10

Book outline
1
1 a 41

Book I: the way of the righteous

Gathers mostly psalms of David, many of them prayers amid danger and persecution. Already in the first psalm it contrasts the way of the righteous, who meditates on the law of the Lord, with the way of the wicked, who perishes. It teaches us to seek refuge in God before any other way out.

2
42 a 72

Book II: supplication and the promised king

Gathers psalms of David and the sons of Korah, many born of anguish and longing for the presence of God. It ends by announcing a just and universal reign, expected of the king anointed by God. There the prayers attributed to David, son of Jesse, come to a close.

3
73 a 89

Book III: when the wicked seem to win

Gathers mainly psalms of Asaph, which wrestle with the question of why the wicked seem to prosper while the faithful suffer. It also looks at falls and crises in the history of Israel. It teaches that the answer to this question is found in the sanctuary of God, not in human logic.

4
90 a 106

Book IV: the Lord reigns

Opens with the prayer of Moses, who recognizes God as an eternal refuge amid human frailty. It celebrates the reign of the Lord over all creation and over the history of Israel, from Egypt to the wilderness. It teaches that God remains King even when human kings fail.

5
107 a 150

Book V: praise without end

Gathers psalms of thanksgiving, the songs of ascent sung on the way to Jerusalem, and the longest psalm in the Bible, Psalm 119, dedicated to the word of God. It ends with five psalms of pure praise, the final chapters of the book. It invites the reader to end the journey of prayer in worship.

Major themes

Praise to God

Many psalms invite us to celebrate who God is and what he does, from creation to salvation. Singing and praising appear as a natural response to his greatness. The entire book ends on a note of worship.

Lament and trust

A good part of the psalms begins with pain, fear, or confusion before God. Even so, almost all of them end in renewed trust in his goodness. They teach that it is possible to be honest with God without losing faith.

Personal prayer

The psalms teach us to pray in our own words, without ready made formulas. They speak of fear, guilt, joy, and gratitude in the first person. They serve as a model for anyone who wants to talk with God.

The anointed King

Some psalms describe a perfect king who will reign forever, more than any descendant of David managed to be. The New Testament recognizes these words fulfilled in Jesus Christ. They point to the hope of a kingdom that will have no end.

The word of God

Several psalms celebrate God's instruction as a source of joy and direction for life. Psalm 119, the longest in the Bible, is entirely devoted to this theme. They show that obeying God is a cause for delight, not a burden.

God as Creator and Shepherd

The psalms describe God caring for creation with power and caring for his people with a shepherd's tenderness. These two images often appear side by side. They invite the reader to trust both in God's power and in his affection.

Key places

Jerusalem

Psalm 122:6

Zion

Psalm 48:2

The temple

Psalm 84:1-2

Babylon

Psalm 137:1

Egypt

Psalm 114:1

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