Wife · Mother · Woman of prayer

Hannah

PeriodPeriod of the judges, around 1100 BC
Summary
Hannah was the barren wife of Elkanah who, after years of taunting and tears, prayed at the sanctuary of Shiloh and received from God the son she had asked for: Samuel. Her fulfilled vow and her song of praise make her one of the greatest biblical examples of persevering prayer.
Who was Hannah
Biography

Anyone who has ever waited for something that seemed like it would never come, a child, a healing, an answer, recognizes something of Hannah’s pain. Year after year she went up to the sanctuary to worship and returned without the one thing she most desired.

Hannah was one of Elkanah’s two wives, a man from Ramathaim, in the hill country of Ephraim. The other wife, Peninnah, had children; Hannah had none, and this made her a constant target of taunting at home.

Every year the family went up to Shiloh to sacrifice to the Lord. And every year Peninnah provoked her because of her barrenness, until Hannah wept and refused to eat, even though Elkanah loved her and gave her a double portion of the sacrifices.

On one of these trips, Hannah went to the tabernacle and prayed, weeping bitterly, without making a sound, only moving her lips. She vowed that, if she received a son, she would give him back to the Lord to serve him all his life.

The priest Eli, seeing her lips move without a sound, thought she was drunk. When Hannah explained that she was simply pouring out her soul before God, Eli blessed her and asked that the Lord grant her request.

God answered. Hannah had a son and named him Samuel, because she had asked the Lord for him. As soon as the boy was weaned, she fulfilled her vow: she took him to Shiloh and gave him to Eli, to grow up serving in the sanctuary.

Before leaving without her son, Hannah sang a song that exalts a God who humbles the powerful and lifts the poor from the dust, words that would echo centuries later in the song of Mary, the mother of Jesus.

Hannah’s waiting did not end in resignation, but in surrender. Anyone who prays for years without an answer today can learn from her that God’s silence is not absence, and that what we love most, when given back to him, tends to return multiplied.

Defining verses

I prayed for this child, and the LORD has granted me what I asked of him.

1 Samuel 1:27

So in the course of time Hannah became pregnant and gave birth to a son. She named him Samuel, saying, "Because I asked the LORD for him."

1 Samuel 1:20

Then Hannah prayed and said: "My heart rejoices in the LORD; in the LORD my horn is lifted high. My mouth boasts over my enemies, for I delight in your deliverance."

1 Samuel 2:1

Visions, prophecies, and deeds

Peninnah's taunting

Elkanah's other wife provoked her every year because of her barrenness, to the point that Hannah wept and refused to eat.

1 Samuel 1:6-7

The vow at the sanctuary of Shiloh

She prayed, weeping bitterly before the Lord, and vowed to give back to him the son she so longed for.

1 Samuel 1:9-11

Mistaken by Eli for a drunk woman

The priest saw her lips moving without a sound and thought she was drunk, until she explained that she was praying.

1 Samuel 1:12-16

The birth of Samuel

After years of waiting, she gave birth to a son and named him Samuel, because she had asked the Lord for him.

1 Samuel 1:19-20

Giving her son to Eli

As soon as Samuel was weaned, she fulfilled her vow and took him to Shiloh to serve the Lord for the rest of his life.

1 Samuel 1:24-28

Hannah's song

She sang a song of praise about a God who humbles the powerful and lifts up the poor and the barren.

1 Samuel 2:1-10

The yearly robe for Samuel

Every year she went up to Shiloh and brought her son a robe she had made herself.

1 Samuel 2:18-19
Timeline
Period of the judges

Marriage to Elkanah

She became the wife of Elkanah, of Ramathaim, who also married Peninnah (1 Sam 1:1-2).

date unknown

Years of barrenness and taunting

Peninnah provoked her for having no children, and Hannah wept and would not eat (1 Sam 1:6-7).

date unknown

Vow at Shiloh

She prayed weeping at the sanctuary and vowed to consecrate her son to the Lord (1 Sam 1:9-11).

date unknown

Birth of Samuel

She gave birth to a son and named him Samuel (1 Sam 1:20).

date unknown

Giving Samuel to Eli

After he was weaned, she took the boy to Shiloh to serve the Lord (1 Sam 1:24-28).

date unknown

Song of praise

She sang a song of gratitude that anticipates the song of Mary, the mother of Jesus (1 Sam 2:1-10).

date unknown

Birth of five more children

The Lord remembered her, and she had three more sons and two daughters (1 Sam 2:21).

Portrait

She persevered in prayer through years of barrenness, never failing to go up to Shiloh every year to worship

She kept the vow she made to God even when it meant giving up the son she had so longed for

She responded to Peninnah's taunting with tears and prayer, not with revenge

She composed a song of praise that exalts God's sovereignty over the powerful and the humble

She let the anguish of her barrenness take hold to the point of refusing to eat, even with her husband's love evident

Lessons and legacy
Lessons from their life

Barrenness and waiting are not signs of God's rejection; they can precede a greater calling

Sincere prayer does not need loud or visible words to be heard by God

Fulfilling a vow to God comes at a cost, but it bears fruit that outlasts one's own life

Another person's taunting does not need to be answered with bitterness, but can be brought to God in prayer

Missionary legacy

Her prayer teaches that God raises up the humble and the barren for purposes that span generations and nations

By giving her son to God's service, she is a model for families today who give sons, daughters, and resources to mission work

Her song in 1 Samuel 2 anticipates the song of Mary in Luke 1, uniting two mothers who celebrate a God who cares for the forgotten in every nation

Barren or marginalized women in many cultures today find in Hannah a model of hope carried to prayer, not to despair

Family and context
Family and relationships
Husband Elkanah, of Ramathaim, in the hill country of Ephraim (1 Sam 1:1)
Rival Peninnah, Elkanah's second wife (1 Sam 1:2)
Son Samuel, prophet and judge (1 Sam 1:20)
Priest at Shiloh Eli (1 Sam 1:9)
Later children Three sons and two daughters (1 Sam 2:21)
Nations mentioned

Israel

1 Samuel 1-2

Related places

Ramah (Ramathaim)

Present-day Israel, Elkanah's town in the hill country of Ephraim (1 Sam 1:1)

Shiloh

Present-day Israel, where the tabernacle stood and Hannah made her vow (1 Sam 1:9)

Where to find them in the Bible
Where to find them in the Bible

Hannah's story is told in 1 Samuel 1 and 2, culminating in the birth of Samuel and the song of praise in 1 Samuel 2:1-10. She is not mentioned in any other book. She should not be confused with another woman named Anna in the Bible, the elderly prophetess who recognized Jesus in the temple in Luke 2:36-38.

Other people