King of Judea · Vassal of Rome

Herod the Great

Period~37 BC - 4 BC
Summary
King of Judea under Roman rule when Jesus was born in Bethlehem. Upon learning, through magi from the East, that a new king of the Jews had been born, he tried to eliminate the threat to his throne and ordered the massacre of the boys of Bethlehem.
Who was Herod the Great
Biography

Almost everyone has felt the fear of losing a place of prominence, at work, in the family, or in a group of friends. That fear can turn ordinary people into cruel adversaries of anyone who seems to threaten their position. The story of Herod the Great shows just how far a heart like that can go.

Herod was an ambitious king, placed on the throne of Judea by the power of Rome. He built grand works, among them the renovation of the temple in Jerusalem, but he ruled under constant suspicion, fearing any sign of rivalry to his power.

It was in this climate of distrust that magi from the East arrived in Jerusalem asking about the newborn king of the Jews (Matthew 2:2). Herod was disturbed and gathered the chief priests and teachers of the law to find out where the Messiah was to be born (Matthew 2:3-4).

He asked the magi to return with precise information, disguising his true intent under the pretext of also wanting to worship the child. But God warned the magi in a dream not to return to Herod, and they went back to their country by another route (Matthew 2:8-12).

When Herod realized he had been outwitted, he reacted with fury and ordered the death of all the boys up to two years old in Bethlehem and the surrounding area (Matthew 2:16). An angel had already warned Joseph in a dream to flee with Mary and the child to Egypt, and the family escaped before the massacre (Matthew 2:13-15).

A short time later, Herod died, and the family was able to return safely (Matthew 2:19-21). The tyrant who tried to forcibly erase God’s plan had no power over it at all.

This story brings comfort to anyone who has suffered under the unjust decisions of those in power: evil can wound deeply, as it wounded the families of Bethlehem, but it does not have the last word. God protects his purpose even when kings rage, and he keeps guiding his plans along paths that no human power can close off.

Defining verses

When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him.

Matthew 2:3

When Herod realized that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi.

Matthew 2:16

A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more.

Matthew 2:18

Visions, prophecies, and deeds

The visit of the magi

Magi from the East arrive in Jerusalem asking about the newborn king of the Jews, and Herod gathers the chief priests and teachers of the law to find out where the Messiah was to be born.

Matthew 2:1-4

The secret plot against the child

Herod learns from the teachers of the law that the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem and sends the magi there, asking them to return and tell him where to find the child, under the pretext of also wanting to worship him.

Matthew 2:5-8

The magi warned in a dream

After finding and worshiping the child in Bethlehem, the magi are warned by God in a dream not to return to Herod, and they go back to their country by another route.

Matthew 2:9-12

The flight to Egypt

An angel warns Joseph in a dream that Herod is seeking to kill the child, and the family flees to Egypt before the king can act.

Matthew 2:13-15

The massacre of the boys of Bethlehem

Realizing he had been outwitted by the magi, Herod orders the death of all the boys up to two years old in Bethlehem and the surrounding area.

Matthew 2:16-18

The death of Herod

Herod dies a short time after the massacre, and an angel tells Joseph that the family can now safely return from the land of Egypt.

Matthew 2:19-21
Timeline
37 BC

Herod takes Jerusalem and becomes de facto king of Judea, under Roman rule.

Traditional historical date for the effective start of his reign.

~20 BC

Beginning of the great renovation of the temple in Jerusalem, one of the most notable works of his reign.

Traditional historical date.

~6-4 BC

Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem of Judea, still during the reign of Herod.

Matthew 2:1

~6-4 BC

Visit of the magi from the East to Jerusalem, seeking the newborn king of the Jews.

Matthew 2:1-2

~5-4 BC

Massacre of the boys of Bethlehem ordered by Herod.

Matthew 2:16

4 BC

Death of Herod, shortly after the birth of Jesus.

Matthew 2:19; traditional date of his death.

4 BC

Division of the kingdom among his sons: Archelaus in Judea, Herod Antipas in Galilee, and Philip in other regions.

Matthew 2:22; Luke 3:1

Portrait

He was a skilled administrator and builder, responsible for the renovation of the temple in Jerusalem and for works such as the harbor of Caesarea and the fortress of Masada.

He kept Judea relatively stable under Roman rule for decades, avoiding open conflicts with the empire.

He knew how to negotiate with successive leaders of Rome to preserve his throne in a politically unstable period.

He responded to the perceived threat to his throne with deception, pretending he wanted to worship the child Jesus only to find out where to locate him (Matthew 2:8).

He let himself be overcome by fury upon realizing he had been outwitted by the magi, and that fury resulted in the death of innocent children (Matthew 2:16).

He ordered the death of defenseless children to protect his political power, one of the most brutal crimes recorded in the New Testament (Matthew 2:16-18).

Lessons and legacy
Lessons from their life

Power that is not grounded in God tends to see every new thing as a threat; it is worth examining whether we respond with fear or with faith to changes we cannot control.

Decisions made only to protect a position can come at a great human cost to innocent people; it is worth weighing that cost before acting out of self-interest.

God keeps warning and protecting his plan even amid persecution, as he did with the magi and with Joseph in dreams; it is worth paying attention to God's direction in moments of danger.

No human power, however violent, can stop God's purpose; it is worth trusting in that when evil seems to be winning.

Missionary legacy

The family's flight to Egypt is a reminder that the gospel, from the very beginning, crossed national borders in search of refuge, a pattern repeated today among refugees and the churches that welcome them.

Herod's persecution foreshadows the hostility the gospel would face in many nations; there are still governments today that see the Christian faith as a threat to their power.

The suffering of the families of Bethlehem recalls that the global mission includes caring for those who suffer under unjust regimes, not merely announcing a message.

The fall of a tyrant who tried to erase God's plan encourages churches that minister today under censorship or persecution in various countries.

Family and context
Family and relationships
Son, ethnarch of Judea after him Herod Archelaus (Matthew 2:22)
Son, tetrarch of Galilee after him Herod Antipas (Luke 3:1)
Son, tetrarch of other regions Philip the Tetrarch (Luke 3:1)
Grandson, king who persecuted the church Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1)
Contemporaries, guided by a star Magi from the East (Matthew 2:1)
Contemporary, adoptive father of Jesus Joseph (Matthew 2:13)
Nations mentioned

Judea (now part of Israel)

Matthew 2:1

Egypt

Matthew 2:13-15

Related places

Jerusalem

Capital of Herod's kingdom; where the magi arrived asking about the new king (Matthew 2:1-3).

Bethlehem

Town of Judea where Jesus was born and where Herod ordered the massacre of the boys (Matthew 2:1,16).

Egypt

Present-day country where Joseph, Mary, and Jesus fled to escape Herod's reach (Matthew 2:13-15).

Ramah

Town cited in Jeremiah's prophecy about Rachel's weeping, applied to the massacre in Bethlehem (Matthew 2:18).

Nazareth

Town of Galilee where the family settled after Herod's death (Matthew 2:22-23).

Where to find them in the Bible
Where to find them in the Bible

The story of Herod the Great is told in Matthew 2:1-22, in the account of the visit of the magi and the massacre of the boys of Bethlehem. He is also mentioned in Luke 1:5, which places the birth of John the Baptist in the days of his reign.

Other people