Persecutor of the church - Apostle to the Gentiles - Missionary and writer

Paul

Period~5 AD to ~67 AD
Summary
A Pharisee who persecuted the church until he was struck down by a light on the road to Damascus, Paul became the apostle to the Gentiles and author of a large part of the New Testament. He traveled across the Mediterranean founding churches, facing shipwrecks and imprisonments until his death in Rome.
Who was Paul
Biography

Before being known as Paul, or Paul of Tarsus, he was called Saul, a name that carried pride: a Roman citizen by birth, a Pharisee trained under the respected teacher Gamaliel, a zealous guardian of the Law. Who has never clung to an identity built through effort, convinced of being right, without imagining it was still going to crumble?

Saul approved of the death of Stephen, the first Christian martyr, and then went from house to house dragging men and women off to prison, simply for believing in Jesus (Acts 8:1-3). He was on the road to Damascus with letters of authorization to continue the hunt when a light struck him to the ground.

“Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” the voice asked (Acts 9:4). He was blind for three days, unable to eat or drink, until a disciple named Ananias, fearing his own persecutor, prayed for him and Saul received his sight back (Acts 9:1-19).

The persecutor became a preacher. On three missionary journeys, Paul crossed the Mediterranean founding churches, being stoned, shipwrecked, whipped five times by the Jews and three times by the Romans (2 Corinthians 11:24-25). He wrote letters that today form a large part of the New Testament.

He also argued with Barnabas to the point of parting ways (Acts 15:36-39) and publicly confronted Peter for hypocrisy in Antioch (Galatians 2:11-14). He asked three times for God to remove a thorn in the flesh that tormented him, and was told that grace was sufficient (2 Corinthians 12:7-9).

Imprisoned in Rome, he still wrote with hope: “For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain” (Philippians 1:21). Church tradition records that he died beheaded under Emperor Nero, faithful to the end.

Paul’s life tells us that no past disqualifies anyone from God’s call, and that the same person capable of destroying the church can become the one most used to build it. If grace reached the greatest persecutor, it reaches also whoever reads this story today.

Defining verses

This man is my chosen instrument to proclaim my name to the Gentiles and their kings and to the people of Israel.

Acts 9:15

I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me.

Galatians 2:20

My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.

2 Corinthians 12:9

Visions, prophecies, and deeds

Conversion on the road to Damascus

A light from heaven struck him down and the voice of Jesus confronted him; he was blind for three days until healed by Ananias.

Acts 9:1-19

Called as apostle to the Gentiles

The Lord reveals to Ananias that Saul is the chosen instrument to carry his name to the nations, kings, and to Israel.

Acts 9:15-16

Council of Jerusalem

He argued before the church leaders that the Gentiles are saved by grace, without needing to follow the law of Moses.

Acts 15:1-21

Speech at the Areopagus

He preached to the Athenian philosophers, citing the altar dedicated to the unknown god to present the gospel.

Acts 17:22-31

Confrontation with Peter in Antioch

He publicly rebuked Peter for hypocrisy in withdrawing from the Gentiles in front of Jews who had come from Jerusalem.

Galatians 2:11-14

Thorn in the flesh

He asked three times for God to remove a physical suffering and was told that grace was sufficient for him.

2 Corinthians 12:7-9

Shipwreck on the way to Rome

He survived a fourteen-day storm and a shipwreck along with the 276 people aboard the ship.

Acts 27:1-44
Timeline
~5 AD

Birth in Tarsus of Cilicia

Roman citizen by birth, raised as a Pharisee of the tribe of Benjamin (Acts 22:3, 28; Phil 3:5).

~34-35 AD

Conversion on the road to Damascus

Encounter with the risen Jesus changes the course of his life (Acts 9:1-19).

~46-48 AD

First missionary journey

With Barnabas, he travels through Cyprus and Asia Minor (Acts 13-14).

~49 AD

Council of Jerusalem

Defends salvation by grace for the Gentiles, without requiring the law of Moses (Acts 15).

~50-52 AD

Second missionary journey

Brings the gospel to Europe and founds the church in Corinth (Acts 15:36-18:22).

~53-57 AD

Third missionary journey

Spends about three years ministering in Ephesus (Acts 18:23-21:16).

~60-62 AD

Imprisonment in Rome

Under house arrest, he writes letters known today as the prison epistles (Acts 28:16-31).

~64-67 AD

Death in Rome

According to church tradition, he was beheaded under Emperor Nero; the exact date is not recorded in the Bible.

Portrait

Endured persecution, shipwrecks, and imprisonments without abandoning the call (2 Corinthians 11:23-27)

Founded churches throughout the Mediterranean basin in three missionary journeys (Acts 13-20)

Bravely defended salvation by grace before leaders of his own church (Galatians 2:11-14; Acts 15)

Worked as a tentmaker so as not to be a financial burden on the churches (Acts 18:3; 1 Thessalonians 2:9)

Trained disciples like Timothy to carry on his work after him (1 Timothy 1:2; 2 Timothy 2:2)

Persecuted and imprisoned Christians, approving of Stephen's death before his conversion (Acts 8:1-3; 22:4)

Had such a serious disagreement with Barnabas that the two parted ways (Acts 15:36-39)

Carried a thorn in the flesh that God chose not to remove, despite three requests (2 Corinthians 12:7-9)

Lessons and legacy
Lessons from their life

No past, however violent, is too great for God's grace to reach (1 Timothy 1:15-16)

Serving God does not exempt one from suffering: Paul faced shipwreck, imprisonment, and physical pain to the end (2 Corinthians 11:24-27)

Disagreeing with someone does not have to mean abandoning the gospel; Paul and Barnabas parted ways, but both continued serving (Acts 15:39-41)

Acknowledged weakness makes room for God's power, not the opposite (2 Corinthians 12:9)

Investing in a few faithful disciples, like Timothy, multiplies a ministry far beyond one's own life (2 Timothy 2:2)

Missionary legacy

A model of cross-cultural missionary: he crossed barriers of language, culture, and religion to bring the gospel to the Gentiles (Acts 13-14)

Argued that the gospel does not require other peoples to abandon their culture to follow Christ, only sin (Acts 15; Galatians 2)

Established the pattern of planting local churches and training native leaders instead of relying solely on foreigners (Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5)

His letters still sustain churches in every language and nation today, far beyond the reach he had in his lifetime

Showed that persecutors can become the mission's greatest allies, a warning against giving up on any person or people

Family and context
Family and relationships
Origin Jewish family of the tribe of Benjamin (Phil 3:5)
Nephew Son of his sister warned him about a conspiracy against him (Acts 23:16)
Teacher Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee (Acts 22:3)
Traveling companion Barnabas (Acts 13:2)
Disciple and son in the faith Timothy (1 Tim 1:2)
Companion and physician Luke, author of Acts (Col 4:14)
Coworkers Priscilla and Aquila (Acts 18:2-3)
Nations mentioned

Turkey

Tarsus, Ephesus, and Antioch of Syria (present-day Antakya), the setting for much of his ministry and the base for sending out the missionary journeys (Acts 13:1-3; 13-20)

Greece

Athens and Corinth, where he founded churches (Acts 17-18)

Italy

Rome, the final destination of his imprisonment (Acts 28)

Syria

Damascus, where he was converted (Acts 9)

Cyprus

First stop of the first missionary journey (Acts 13:4-12)

Related places

Tarsus of Cilicia

present-day Turkey, Paul's hometown (Acts 22:3)

Damascus

present-day Syria, where he was converted (Acts 9:1-19)

Jerusalem

Where he studied with Gamaliel and returned for the church council (Acts 15)

Antioch of Syria

today Antakya, Turkey; base for sending out Paul's missionary journeys (Acts 13:1-3)

Athens

present-day Greece, where he preached at the Areopagus (Acts 17:22-31)

Ephesus

present-day Turkey, where he ministered for about three years (Acts 19-20)

Malta

Island where he was shipwrecked on the way to Rome (Acts 28:1)

Rome

present-day Italy, where he was imprisoned and, according to tradition, martyred

Where to find them in the Bible
Where to find them in the Bible

Paul's conversion and ministry are recorded in Acts 9 through 28. He is also the author of thirteen letters in the New Testament, from Romans to Philemon, and is mentioned by Peter in 2 Peter 3:15-16.

Other people