Governor of Samaria, opponent of the rebuilding of the wall

Sanballat

Period~445 BC
Summary
Persian governor of Samaria during the Jews' return from exile, Sanballat was the chief opponent of the rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall. He mocked, threatened, and tried to deceive Nehemiah, but saw the work completed in fifty-two days, despite all his resistance.
Who was Sanballat
Biography

Anyone who has ever tried to rebuild something that had fallen, a marriage, a reputation, an abandoned project, knows the voice that laughs before the first stone is even set in place. In the Bible, that voice has a name: Sanballat.

He was the Persian governor of Samaria when the Jews returned from exile to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem, around 445 BC. A fortified Jerusalem threatened the balance of power that he and his allies had held for generations.

When he heard of the work, he grew furious and mocked the Jews before the army of Samaria: “What are those feeble Jews doing? Will they restore their wall? Will they offer sacrifices? Will they finish in a day? Can they bring the stones back to life from those heaps of rubble, burned as they are?” (Nehemiah 4:2). His ally Tobiah added to the mockery, saying that even a fox would break down their wall of stones (Nehemiah 4:3).

When laughter stopped no one, Sanballat joined forces with Tobiah, with Arabs, and with men of Ashdod to attack Jerusalem by surprise (Nehemiah 4:7-8). Nehemiah responded by praying and arming the people, who began building with a tool in one hand and a sword in the other.

Defeated by force, Sanballat tried manipulation: he invited Nehemiah four times to a meeting on the plain of Ono, and four times heard the same refusal: “I am carrying on a great project and cannot go down. Why should the work stop while I leave it and go down to you?” (Nehemiah 6:3). On the fifth attempt he sent an open letter accusing Nehemiah of planning a revolt to become king (Nehemiah 6:6-7) and even bribed a false prophet to frighten him.

None of it stopped the work. The wall was finished in fifty-two days, and even his enemies recognized that it had been done with the help of God (Nehemiah 6:16). Years later, Sanballat was still trying to infiltrate from within, marrying his daughter to the grandson of the high priest, until Nehemiah drove the man out (Nehemiah 13:28).

Sanballat’s story is a reminder that not all opposition to God’s work arrives with swords: sometimes it arrives with smiles, invitations, and well-written letters. Whoever builds something that matters usually hears laughter before applause.

Nehemiah did not answer the mockery by arguing, nor the threat by fleeing, nor the invitation by attending: he simply kept building. That is the answer that still serves anyone today who carries a calling others insist on mocking.

Defining verses

What are those feeble Jews doing? Will they restore their wall? Will they offer sacrifices? Will they finish in a day? Can they bring the stones back to life from those heaps of rubble, burned as they are?

Nehemiah 4:2

I am carrying on a great project and cannot go down. Why should the work stop while I leave it and go down to you?

Nehemiah 6:3

When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and lost their self-confidence, because they realized that this work had been done with the help of our God.

Nehemiah 6:16

Visions, prophecies, and deeds

Public mockery of the rebuilding

When he heard that the Jews were rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem, Sanballat ridiculed the people before the army of Samaria, doubting they could finish the work.

Nehemiah 4:1-3

Conspiracy to attack Jerusalem

Joined with Tobiah, Arabs, Ammonites, and men of Ashdod, he planned a surprise attack to stop the building of the wall.

Nehemiah 4:7-8

Deceptive invitations to the plain of Ono

He summoned Nehemiah four times to a meeting on the plain of Ono intending to harm him, and was refused every time.

Nehemiah 6:1-4

Open letter accusing him of treason

He sent an unsealed letter accusing Nehemiah of planning a revolt against Persia to become king of the Jews.

Nehemiah 6:5-7

Use of a false prophet to intimidate

He hired the prophet Shemaiah to try to persuade Nehemiah to hide in the temple, a plan meant to discredit him publicly.

Nehemiah 6:10-13

Family alliance with the high priesthood

Years later, a grandson of the high priest Eliashib became his son-in-law, which led Nehemiah to drive the man out of the community.

Nehemiah 13:28
Timeline
~445 BC

Governs Samaria when Nehemiah arrives in Jerusalem

Persian governor of the neighboring province, allied with Tobiah and Geshem (Nehemiah 2:19)

~445 BC

Mocks the rebuilding of the wall

Nehemiah 4:1-3

~445 BC

Plans an armed attack on Jerusalem

Nehemiah 4:7-8

~445 BC

Tries to lure Nehemiah to the plain of Ono

Nehemiah 6:1-4

~445 BC

Sends a letter accusing Nehemiah of conspiring to become king

Nehemiah 6:5-7

~445 BC

The wall of Jerusalem is completed in 52 days despite the opposition

Nehemiah 6:15-16

unknown date

A grandson of the high priest marries his daughter

Episode following Nehemiah's first stay in Jerusalem (Nehemiah 13:28)

Portrait

Persistent in the face of resistance: when mockery did not work, he changed tactics instead of giving up (Nehemiah 4; 6)

A political strategist, skilled at forging alliances with Tobiah, Geshem, and the men of Ashdod against a common target (Nehemiah 4:7-8)

Well connected and influential in the region, allied with Tobiah, who kept up correspondence with nobles of Judah and fed him information from inside Jerusalem (Nehemiah 6:17-19)

He used contempt as a weapon, publicly ridiculing people who had not even finished their work yet (Nehemiah 4:1-2)

He resorted to lies and manipulation when force was not enough, forging accusations of treason against Nehemiah (Nehemiah 6:6-7)

He hired a false prophet to deceive and intimidate a servant of God (Nehemiah 6:10-13)

Lessons and legacy
Lessons from their life

Any work that matters draws mockery before it draws applause, that is not a sign of failure, it is a sign that it bothers someone

Not all opposition comes from outside with violence, sometimes it comes from within, with friendly invitations and well-written letters (Nehemiah 6:1-7)

The best response to mockery is not always debate, sometimes it is simply to keep building, as Nehemiah did in the face of Sanballat

Wrong alliances cost dearly: Sanballat's kinship with the priestly family was only undone when someone had the courage to say no (Nehemiah 13:28)

Missionary legacy

Every generation that carries the gospel to closed places meets its own Sanballat: voices that ridicule, threaten, or try to derail the work with false good intentions

The story reminds us that spiritual opposition often uses politics, rumor, and fear, not only open persecution, something anyone serving in hostile contexts recognizes well

The wall finished in fifty-two days despite Sanballat shows that plans that come from God move forward even when they seem surrounded on every side

Nehemiah did not stop to answer every provocation, a useful principle for anyone sustaining long-term work among peoples resistant to the gospel

Family and context
Family and relationships
Allies in opposition Tobiah the Ammonite and Geshem the Arab (Nehemiah 2:19)
Son-in-law Grandson of the high priest Eliashib, driven out by Nehemiah (Nehemiah 13:28)
Chief opponent Nehemiah, governor of Judah and leader of the rebuilding of the wall
Nations mentioned

Israel

Territory of Samaria and Jerusalem (Nehemiah 4; 6)

Jordan

Traditional territory of Ammon, homeland of Tobiah (Nehemiah 2:19)

Related places

Samaria

Persian province governed by Sanballat, now territory of Israel

Jerusalem

City whose wall Sanballat tried to prevent from being rebuilt

Plain of Ono

Site of the supposed meeting where Sanballat tried to lure Nehemiah in order to harm him (Nehemiah 6:2)

Ashdod

Philistine city allied with Sanballat in the conspiracy against Jerusalem (Nehemiah 4:7)

Ammon

Territory of Tobiah, Sanballat's close ally, now part of Jordan

Where to find them in the Bible
Where to find them in the Bible

Sanballat's story is told in the book of Nehemiah, in chapters 2, 4, 6, and 13, always as the chief opponent of the rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall led by Nehemiah. He does not appear in any other book of the Bible.

Other people