Prophet · Sent to Nineveh

Jonah

Period8th century BC
Summary
A prophet of the 8th century BC, son of Amittai, sent by God to preach against Nineveh, the capital of Assyria. He fled the mission, was thrown into the sea, spent three days in the belly of a huge fish, and when he finally obeyed, saw an entire pagan city repent, which left him furious instead of grateful.
Who was Jonah
Biography

Everyone has received a request they would rather not fulfill: an inconvenient call, a task that requires facing someone we would rather keep our distance from. Few stories in the Bible capture this resistance as well as that of Jonah, a prophet who fled from his own calling.

Jonah was the son of Amittai, from Gath-Hepher in northern Israel, and had already prophesied about the restoration of the nation’s borders under King Jeroboam II. One day, however, God gave him a different command: go to Nineveh, the capital of Assyria and Israel’s sworn enemy, and preach against its wickedness.

Jonah set out, but in the opposite direction. He booked passage to Tarshish, at the far end of the known world, to flee from the presence of the Lord. A violent storm nearly split the ship in two, and the desperate sailors threw Jonah into the sea after discovering he was the cause of the raging wind.

A huge fish swallowed him, and for three days and three nights Jonah prayed in the depths, acknowledging that salvation comes from the Lord. Vomited onto dry land, he finally went to Nineveh and proclaimed the message he had so badly wanted to avoid. The whole city, from the king to the common people, repented.

It was exactly what Jonah feared: God forgave the Ninevites. Instead of joy, the prophet felt anger, and even asked to die because mercy had been extended to his enemies. God then used a simple plant, given and then taken away, to expose the real problem: Jonah’s heart was smaller than God’s heart.

The book ends without an answer from Jonah, only God’s question echoing: should he not have concern for such a great city? It is the same question that confronts any reader tempted to limit God’s grace to the people they like, or to the nations they consider deserving. God’s mission is greater than our prejudices.

Defining verses

Now the Lord provided a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.

Jonah 1:17

Jonah began by going a day's journey into the city, proclaiming, "Forty more days and Nineveh will be overturned."

Jonah 3:4

Visions, prophecies, and deeds

Call and flight

God commands Jonah to go to Nineveh and preach against its wickedness; Jonah flees in the opposite direction, boarding a ship for Tarshish.

Jonah 1:1-3

Storm and being thrown into the sea

A violent storm threatens to destroy the ship; after casting lots, the sailors throw Jonah into the sea to calm the raging waters.

Jonah 1:4-15

Swallowed by the huge fish

The Lord makes a huge fish swallow Jonah, who remains in its belly three days and three nights.

Jonah 1:17

Prayer in the depths

From inside the fish, Jonah prays and acknowledges that salvation comes from the Lord; the fish vomits him onto dry land.

Jonah 2:1-10

Preaching in Nineveh and the city's repentance

Jonah proclaims that Nineveh will be destroyed in forty days; the whole city, from the king to the people, declares a fast and repents, and God forgives it.

Jonah 3:1-10

Jonah's anger and the lesson of the plant

Displeased with the forgiveness granted to Nineveh, Jonah becomes angry; God makes a plant grow to give him shade and then destroys it, using the episode to expose the prophet's heart.

Jonah 4:1-11
Timeline
8th century BC

Prophesies about the restoration of Israel's borders

under the reign of Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:25)

date unknown

Receives the command to go to Nineveh

Jonah 1:1-2

date unknown

Flees to Tarshish, boarding a ship in Joppa

Jonah 1:3

date unknown

Storm at sea and being thrown into the sea

Jonah 1:4-15

date unknown

Three days and three nights in the belly of the huge fish

Jonah 1:17

date unknown

Preaches in Nineveh and the city repents

Jonah 3:1-10

date unknown

Jonah's anger and the lesson of the plant

Jonah 4:1-11

Portrait

He obeyed, even if after fleeing, and carried out God's second command, preaching in Nineveh exactly as he had been told (Jonah 3:3-4).

He acknowledged in the belly of the fish that salvation comes from the Lord and prayed sincerely amid the deepest despair (Jonah 2:1-9).

His preaching had an extraordinary impact: the city of Nineveh repented en masse, from the king to the common people (Jonah 3:5-9).

He was honest with God about his own feelings, without pretending a piety he did not feel (Jonah 4:1-3).

He deliberately fled from God's command, boarding a ship in the opposite direction from where he had been sent (Jonah 1:3).

He preferred death to seeing God's grace extended to his enemies, revealing a heart closed to compassion for the Ninevites (Jonah 4:1-3).

He was more upset over the loss of a plant that gave him shade than concerned about the lives of more than a hundred and twenty thousand people (Jonah 4:6-11).

He argued openly with God and even tried to justify his own anger before him (Jonah 4:9).

Lessons and legacy
Lessons from their life

Fleeing from a calling does not free anyone from it; God can use even a storm and a fish to bring someone back onto the path.

God's mercy is greater than any national, ethnic, or religious border human beings try to build.

It is possible to know sound doctrine about God's character (Jonah 4:2) and still resist living according to it.

God cares more about people than about our personal comfort, and invites us to align our hearts with that priority.

Missionary legacy

Jonah is one of the first explicit cross-cultural missionaries in the Bible, sent by God to a foreign and hostile people, outside the borders of Israel.

The book shows that God's heart for the nations did not begin only after Jesus: already in the 8th century BC he desired the repentance of Nineveh, capital of Assyria, in the region of present-day Iraq.

Jesus used Jonah's experience in the fish as a prophetic sign of his own death and resurrection, and cited the repentance of the Ninevites as an example for his generation (Matthew 12:39-41).

Jonah's resistance to bringing the message to a people different from his own still echoes in cultural prejudices that today make it difficult to send workers to other peoples.

Family and context
Family and relationships
Father Amittai (Jonah 1:1)
Contemporary (king of Israel) Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:23-25)
Nations mentioned

Assyria (present-day Iraq)

Jonah 1:2

Israel

2 Kings 14:25

Related places

Nineveh

capital of Assyria, in present-day Iraq; destination of Jonah's preaching

Joppa

port from which Jonah set sail in his flight, in present-day Israel

Tarshish

destination of Jonah's flight, possibly in present-day Spain

Gath-Hepher

Jonah's hometown, in the tribe of Zebulun, northern present-day Israel

Mediterranean Sea

setting of the storm and Jonah being thrown into the sea

Where to find them in the Bible
Where to find them in the Bible

Jonah's story is told in the book that bears his name. His historical existence is confirmed in 2 Kings 14:25, which identifies him as a prophet from Gath-Hepher during the reign of Jeroboam II. Jesus refers to him in Matthew 12:39-41 and Luke 11:29-32, comparing the three days in the belly of the fish to his own death and resurrection.

Other people